Analogies

Types of analogies

Object/ function

Broom : sweep :: knife : cut

Characteristic

Ice cream : sweet :: pickle : sour

Part/ whole

Handle : cup :: knob : door

Whole/ part

Bird : claw :: dog : paw

Location

Student : school :: sailor : ship

Types of analogies

Action/ object

Run : track :: swim : pool

Agent/ action or agent/ object

Teacher : pupil :: doctor : patient

Class or synonym

Smell : sniff :: see : look

Familial

Grandfather : father :: father : son

Grammatical

Hear : heard :: see : saw

Types of Analogies

Temporal or sequential

First : third :: fifth : seventh

Antonym

Smile : frown :: happy : sad

Degree

Warm : hot :: cool : cold

Arithmetical

(1+2) : (5-2) :: (3+3) : (7-1)

Tips for Solving Analogies

Determine the relationship between the words in the first pair. On many standardized tests these words are written in all capital letters

Make up a short sentence or phrase that states the relationship. For example, "a crumb is a small piece of bread" for an analogy that reads: CRUMB: BREAD::…

Decide which pairs of words in the answer choices best fits the short sentence that you made up.

Sentence Completion

Tips to solving completion terms

First, read the sentence very carefully ---- twice if necessary in order to get a good grasp of it.

Second, try to think of your own, original words to fill in the blanks before you even look at the given answer choices.

Third, look among the answers, not necessarily for you exact words, but for words that mean just about the same as the ones you thought of.

Fourth ---- and this step is usually not needed ---- where two or more answers remain after you have used the first three steps, substitute each choice into the sentence itself and then pick the answer that seems to make the most sense.

Clue words for sentence completion

-Similar or parallel ideas.
    And, also, furthermore, besides, moreover, as well, again, always,never, each, every, must, all, the fact that, in addition

-Opposing or contrasting ideas.
     Although, however, but, never the less, in contrast, in spite of, on the contrary, perhaps, usually, if, here to for, rather than, where by, yet,even

-Cause and effect.
     Indeed, in fact, certainly, of course, surely, by all means, undoubtedly, similarly

Example

My neighbor is both ________ and ________; he keeps to himself and has great fear of anyone who isn't from our town.

(a) callous...predisposed
(b) misanthropic...tolerant
(c) insular...xenophobic
(d) ignorant...biased
(e) prejudiced...obstinate

Discussion: Not all the vocabulary for this question is simple, but the solution is straightforward. The second half of the sentence (after the semicolon) parallels the first half. We're looking for two words that mean "keeps to himself" and "fear of anyone who isn't from our town." Answer (c), "insular" and "xenophobic" meet the requirement.